What impression do you receive from the Songs of Blakes own religious beliefs Essay Example

What impression do you receive from the Songs of Blakes own religious beliefs? Essay William Blake was incredibly spiritual and certainly a strong Christian, although he disliked organised religion as he saw it to be an oppressive tool. His brother died of consumption at quite a young age, and this had a profound effect on Blake, who is said to have seen his soul ascend heavenward clapping its hands for joy. I feel it is fair to argue that Blake used his poetry to express his religious views, and criticise the Churchs repressive nature. Blake Songs of Innocence and Experience certainly contain many poems with religious overtones. Blake uses various techniques to show his own feelings for, in particular, organised religion and the church. Animal imagery is particularly prominent. Holy Thursday, from Songs of Innocence depicts an image of children visiting St Pauls Cathedral. The title itself suggests the celebration of the day Jesus friend Judas betrayed him, and as a result he was taken on the following day, now known as Good Friday to be killed. On this day Jesus gave the commandment That ye love one another as I have loved you. It is this feast that the children, usually from Charity Schools, seem to be celebrating. We will write a custom essay sample on What impression do you receive from the Songs of Blakes own religious beliefs? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What impression do you receive from the Songs of Blakes own religious beliefs? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What impression do you receive from the Songs of Blakes own religious beliefs? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The children are described by Blake as walking two and two in red and blue and green, despite the vivid colour imagery used here the opening stanza still seems to be a criticism of the church. The description of the officers employed to maintain order in the church, Grey headed beadles is much more morbid and contrasts well with the brighter colours used with reference to the children. This may be Blakes way of showing his contempt for the Church. Walking two and two references the bible and the story of Noahs Ark but also depicts the regimentation of the children, who are later described as multitudes of lambs. This imagery illustrates the innocence of the children and the suppression of their individuality, as it seems Blake is implying that they all look the same, at least, perhaps, through the eyes of the church. The lambs give an impression of innocence or purity, which could be Blakes way of showing his disdain for the church, as it, as an organisation, is arguably taking away this innocence or using the naivety of the children to impose its values, taking away their choice. Either interpretation supports the idea that Blake uses his poetry to reflect his own beliefs. The Lamb, also from Songs of Innocence also arguably reflects Blakes religious views. The poem itself seems to be questioning the mystery of creation, Little Lamb who made thee? / Dost thou know who made thee? It has a simple structure and uses uncomplicated language to convey a complex meaning. The tone is happy, which is enhanced by the rhyming couplets, although it is possible that this was intended to disguise Blakes cynicism, again making the poem much more complex than it first seems. Religious imagery is used again in this poem. The explicit reference to a lamb in the title immediately implies innocence, and, again, could be an indication of the sacrificial lambs of the bible. The protagonist seems to be addressing the lamb directly, although it is possible that Blake actually intended it to be and enlightening poem. The use of the pronoun He could suggest that the lamb is Jesus, He is meek and he is mild; He became a little child, although it could too be symbolic of all children. It can be argued that Blakes intention was to use biblical references to connect with all people, as, in the time of his writing, the church was far more prominent than it is today. Although this poem implicitly references the bible with the lamb, it could too simply be Blakes way of criticising the Churchs treatment of innocent children. This being said, I feel it is possible that Blake did not intend to overtly portray his religious views in this poem. The Divine Image, from Songs of Innocence uses anthropomorphism, the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman things, to convey its religious content. The word divine means relating to Gods, gods, or goddesses, again showing a specific religious reference. The poem seems to convey a message of God encompassing all that is positive, For Mercy has a human heart, / Pity a human face. It is possible that Blake intended this poem to contradict his other, more critical religious poems. Despite his spirituality, it would be feasible to view Blake as an atheist, because of his contempt for the church. This poem, therefore, is arguably the most accurate in showing his own religious beliefs, laid bare and free from criticism. The final stanza begins with the message And all must love the human form, / In heathen, Turk or Jew, which seems to be advocating compassion, although it is also plausible that Blake is begging the question why single people out? This seems to add on Blakes own interpretation of Christianity. Overall, the poem has a positive tone, as it suggests that all the divine qualities of Mercy, Pity, Peace and Love are held by each individual and suggests, rather than pointing out negative qualities, that people are actually inherently good. Blake also shows his religious views through his Songs of Experience, an example of this being A Little Boy Lost. Blake seems to grow increasingly negative in the Experience section of the collection. Blake uses the young boy as a symbol of free-thought, as he questions religion, And father, how can I love you, / Or any of my brothers more? Blake presents the church to be repressive, enforcing moral laws to the detriment of children. The title itself implies innocence, as Little Boy suggests a naivety. Blakes shows the church to be irrational, reacting to his innocent questioning in an over the top fashion. By the third stanza the imagery is very aggressive, In trembling zeal he seized his hair. I think it is possible that Blake uses the Priest to reflect upon the reader the attitudes of the society of the time he was writing. Priests would have generally been held in high esteem, so even the violence towards the child at the hands of the church is unlikely to have been questioned. A lso, the binding imagery, bound him in an iron chain suggests oppression and this is typical of Blakes own beliefs. The tone is sarcastic at times, and Priestly care seems to be and ironic statement. Blakes Songs of Experience contains a number of poems that mirror the ones from Innocence, Holy Thursday being an example of this. The language and imagery of this poem is much harsher than that of the Innocence poem. Blake is questioning life on earth, and the contrast between the second line of the poem and the final line of the second stanza, shows his contempt; In a rich and fruitful landIt is a land of poverty! The structure of this poem is also different to its counterpart, as the sentences are much shorter and many more questions are posed about society. Blake uses negative diction throughout, Babes reduced to misery and eternal winter being examples of this. The poem implies people living in unorganised innocence, passively accepting things that they believe they cannot change. This poem certainly seems to impose upon the reader Blakes cynicism of organised religion and perhaps the passiveness of people, who fail to question religion, as shown also in A Little Boy Lost. In conclusion, I think it is far to argue that Blake does use his poetry to reflect his own religious views and does this through his sarcasm and cynicism of the church. Arguably the poems in Experience show this more blatantly, as the imagery and diction becomes increasingly negative. The Songs of Experience do show his beliefs, but in a less aggressive way than the Songs of Experience. The impression I receive from the Songs is one of Blakes distrust of the church, and of society, but a great belief and faith in God and the capacity of well-doing held by individuals. Religion is a prominent theme in the collection, but I feel that the tone is the most important technique he exercises, as it shows his sense of humour too.

The Effects of Televison on Behaviors Social Attitudes and Health in Children essays

The Effects of Televison on Behaviors Social Attitudes and Health in Children essays The Effects of Television on Behaviors, Social Attitudes and Television influences behaviors, social attitudes and physical health especially in children. Children today spend more time watching television than on any other single leisure activity. In fact, studies have shown that "the average child spends more time in front of the television than in school" (Clarke and Kurte-Coastes, 1997). There are a variety of influences that children gain from watching too much television. The impact of violence on children is a major issue, as well as the impact of stereotypical views, such as sex roles. Health can also become a problem for children who spend excessive amounts of time in front of the television. There are, however, alternatives to these problems. Parent, schools and the governments need to take control and monitor children and television. After all, television was once used as an educational tool it has only recently become a babysitter. The effect of violence in television has been debated for many years. In a recent study, Strasburger and Donnerstein (1999), suggests that there is a positive correlation between violence viewed on television and aggressive behavior in children. The way television violence is portrayed encourages children to learn aggressive attitudes and behaviors. For example most violence on television is glamorized by using a "good" character that is likely to be perceived as role model to initiate violence. This gives children the impression that violence is justified, desirable, and painless. Violence on television also increases fear or gives children the wrong impression about the world. Many children have a hard time making distinctions about what is real and unreal. Therefore, they begin to believe that the television depicts violence in the "real world." The bottom line is, "children learn their attitudes about violence at a very young age, and once learned, the attitudes tend t. ..

Marine Reserve Area (MPA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marine Reserve Area (MPA) - Essay Example The term MPA is used in the generic sense covering all marine sites that meet the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources’s (IUCN) protected area definition â€Å"regardless of purpose, design, management approach, or gazetted name including marine reserve, sanctuary, and marine park† (UNEP-WCMC, 2008, p.18). â€Å"Historically, protected areas were established on an individual ad hoc basis rather than through a systematic, planned process† (UNEP-WCMC, 2008, p.13). In the case of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), from as early as 1988, the need for a global protective system was recognized at various important global conferences. The establishment of marine protected areas were to be consistent with international law, based on scientific information, and required the formation of a global network of Marine Protected Areas. While regional action and targets aimed to establish protected area systems by 2010 based on regional and environmental conventions and protocols, the Congress also recommended the establishment of MPA networks across 20 to 30% of the world’s oceans by 2012. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) took into consideration all the recommendations, and responded by making it mandatory for all parties to establish protected areas as planned and managed as a system or network. Marine protected areas are developed for fulfilling multiple objectives. They take into consideration conservation of the biodiversity and genetic diversity of the area, preserving ecosystems and maintaining ecological processes, and sustainable use of natural resources. Further, MPAs protect commercially valuable species, replenish depleted stocks, provide protection from natural hazards, and undertake education and research in related fields. Marine protected areas also ensure benefits to society and the economy, and promote

The IndoCaribbean Women's Experience of Indenture Essay

The IndoCaribbean Women's Experience of Indenture - Essay Example The few who dared to revolt or oppose inevitably faced the consequences of their actions. They were ridiculed, humiliated, subjected to the whims of their British masters, at times sexually exploited, and put back in their places for it was not a criminal act in the eyes of the law for the British nationals to exploit their workers. Society then was not as liberal as it is today. It was considered all right by the authorities to kill people at the slightest provocation. Indian women were killed and there was not much enquiry into the incident if it was felt that she had died as the result of her husband's suspicion about her character. Between 1838 and 1917 during the indenture period, Indians lived in poor sanitary conditions. They had to do everything as expected of them. Indian women were not allowed maternity benefits during pregnancy. Women worked carrying their babies in the field until they could leave their babies home under the care of an older child (Janet A. Naidu). The position of the Indian woman in the Caribbean has perceptibly changed now. But the change can hardly be expected to be on the lines of a person living in a free country. It is over ninety years now since the indenture discontinued in 1917. However, social and cultural knots continue to fetter the Indian woman living in the Caribbean. There were few Brahmins in the Caribbe... However, social and cultural knots continue to fetter the Indian woman living in the Caribbean. There were few Brahmins in the Caribbean during the indenture period. They were sought for on religious and auspicious occasions. Indians mostly comprised the agricultural caste or low caste. Since the number of Indian women was few, it became difficult for the Brahmins to seek girls from higher castes making them vulnerable to marry girls from the lower echelons. Transformation of gender relations The Indian women living in the Caribbean can now thank their stars that they did not see the persecutions of their counterparts early in the 20th century or during the greater period of the 19th century. I deliberately use the term 'persecution' because that is what she must have felt in an alien land. The male female ratio did not cross the halfway mark in favor of the male since the time the first Indian landed in the Caribbean. The best that happened was 50 females for every 100 males at that time. This was in 1860. The figure slipped back to 41 females for every 100 males in 1890. The Indian male fared no better with his British master because the working and attitudinal conditions forced on them by the colonizers were slavery and demeaning. The Indians came to work on a 5-year contract as 'indentured laborers'. Up to 1862, they were provided with free travel back home after the completion of the 5-year period. From 1862, they had to pay their own way to the Caribbean or else work 10-years to get a free trip back home (Janet A. Naidu). The Indians contributed significantly to the economy of the Caribbean. Their population although as minority was quite significant. However, they did not enjoy commensurate representation in

Mental Health Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mental Health Policy - Term Paper Example The Medicaid and Medicare a times under pays in that money given to the hospital is less than the one stated. This leads to bad debts. To solve this problem the hospital will invest on alternative policies (Fawcett & Karban, 2005). The hospital has set up a policy in which the hospital will offer a membership plan at which one will have to posses a membership card. In it annual contributions will be required and members will have to renew the membership cards. This will cut on the dependency of the patients’ on the Medicare and Medicaid. This will have mutual benefits, in that it will reduce the problem of hospital incurring bad debts due to under payments by the Medicare and Medicaid. On the other hand the patients will be able to pay less also pay nothing in the case of minor illnesses. The other problem faced by the hospital includes the ability to diversify patients mix. The solution lies on, first creating sections in the hospital to deal with different complications. This will take place without creating an impression that there is discrimination. There will be a well-trained costumer care to enable the hospital have a friendly look hence increasing the client base due to recommendations by those who visit it. Since the hospital main client bases are the elderly, the hospital will invest in a pediatric section to deal with complication relating to children. To reach out to the community mobile stations will be set a side and mobile doctors assigned to enable services provided are of high quality. This will market the hospital to the entire region hence many will seek help to our hospital (Fawcett & Karban, 2005). To ensure inclusiveness of the entire community, hospital signs and labels will be in a language that involves the entire community. The staff will be taught different languages to enable ease in understanding the patients’ complaints. The hospital will be able to provide and feel at ease in

Depiction of Cold War in Rocky IV

Depiction of Cold War in Rocky IV The Cold War was an ideological or Propaganda War between the two Super Powers, The Soviet Union and the United States of America. The War was not only political but also social and cultural, to the extent of which it’s presence was felt not only in the mass media of the day, but also in the entertainment industry. It was especially during the 70’s and 80’s that optimum effort was put into the entertainment media to portray pro-capitalist and anti-communist ideas to the public. American values and ideals were exalted in movies, music, television, art and literature. Hollywood played a significant role in bringing the Cole War propaganda to the big screen through motion pictures and documentaries that were made and produced. The animated movie: Make Mine Freedom, Meet King Joe, Red Nightmare and the Rambo Saga are some examples of movies with the Cold War in the background. They successfully depicted the idea of the American Dream and idealized the capitalist and Democratic society of America as the epitome of political state rule. The Rocky Series, written and directed by the famous actor, director Sylvester Stallone is an action packed and exiting series of six movies. It depicts the life and crisis of a boxer, Rocky Balboa played by Sylvester Stallone himself. The films are:  Rocky  (1976),  Rocky II(1979),  Rocky III(1982),  Rocky IV  (1985),  Rocky V  (1990) and  Rocky Balboa(2006). The boxing blockbuster saga was well received by the audience and the critics. The movies became a huge rage all over America and also in other countries of the world. The movies at first glance come across as a typically action oriented sports melodrama, but on closer analysis many different themes and areas have been depicted and explained in them. Rocky IV the fourth installment of the Rocky Series that released in 1985, is a movie that showcases not only good drama that satisfies the audiences expectation of action and adventure, but also subtly depicts the Cold War and the idea of the â€Å"Us against Them†, that is, the United States against the U.S.S.R. The movie is well recognized as one that propagates the Cold War agenda that it is popularly known as: Rocky IV â€Å"the one with the Russian†. The story continues from the third movie where Rocky wins the title from Clubber Lang. He decides to spend some time with his family but soon destiny brings him back to the ring. A new fighter from the Soviet, Ivan Drago comes to America and fights with Apollo Creed. In the course of the match Apollo is severely injured and dies a cold death in his friends arm. To avenge his comrades death Rocky challenges the ruthless Drago to a rematch to be held in Moscow on Christmas Day. Both parties train vigorously, Drago using top notch technology and Rocky takes natures help to train. Finally, in the boxing ring Rocky fights his nemesis initially facing the worst beating of his life. He soon recovers and at last achieves victory over Drago. When analyzing the film in its quality of content, it is instantly identified as a movie with Cold War depiction. The relationship between the two main characters in the movie, Rocky characterized as the hero and Drago the villain is a well developed metaphor that communicates the political scenario of the Cold War. Rocky (Sylvester Stallone) represents America and Drago (Dolph Lundgren) represents the Soviet Union. Their enmity symbolizes the cold War situation between the two Super powers. The movie is an American film, thus it revels in the idea of America while condemning the communist Soviet. It is commendable how the film in a short span of ninety one minutes summarizes all the main incidents and themes of the Cold War. The defeat of Drago in the end is a perfect metaphor of the fall of the Soviet just a few years after the movie was released. The first incident is the fight between Drago and Apollo, where Apollo is killed by the cold Drago. This in terms can be seen as the Second World War where America got directly involved in the end. The period of the Cold War is the training session filled with tension and apprehension before the fight between Rocky and Drago. Although during the Cold War there was no actual battle between the two superpowers the fights in the boxing ring are metaphorical. They depict the ideological clash between the two superpowers. Rocky’s decision to face Drago in the ring is severely criticized by his wife who wanted peace. This is similar to the criticism President Reagan faced when he took adverse steps to bring an end to the Cold War. Rocky like President Reagan adopts the philosophy of â€Å"peace through strength and challenges Drago to a fight. And just as Reagan was praised for his efforts after the end of the War, similarly Rocky achieves victory and the faith of his wife in the movie after he gains victory over Drago. In this movie there is one notable difference in the portrayal of the villain. Here the villain is not black like in the former movies. The villain is a white man; this portrays the change of focus from the stereotype of the angry, colored man to the pressing political scenario. The white villain is a conscious attempt of portrayal of the enemy, the threat (the Soviet Union) in terms of the Cold War. During the era of the Cold War the media was used as a political weapon to arouse nationalistic feeling among the citizens of America. America saw the growing technology of the Soviets as a threat to their existence as a superpower. Keeping this in mind the movie resourcefully brings out the idea of the American dream, that is, success follows those who work hard. Rocky during his training for the rematch in Moscow is shown doing rigorous exercise by means of cutting wood, climbing mountains and pulling sleighs. He is and individualist who has achieved success through great labor. On his own he rises from the streets of Philadelphia and achieves fame in the boxing ring. In sharp contrast the mechanical Drago is surrounded by a team of professionals who help him train with the beast machines and technology. He builds up his strength through the aid of steroids. Finally it is Rocky who wins the match. His victory over Drago is the individual’s victory over the collective. Thus very cleverly the American idea of individual and self work is propagated against the Soviets idea of Communism. The Cold War for America was all about Anti-Communistic feeling which is very suitably shown in the film. The cold nature of the Soviet is depicted through the cinematography. The landscape of Russia is shown as course and snow covered. But even the harsh climate does not stop Rocky from continuing his training for the upcoming match. This reveals the American zeal and determination to attain success and aim high. As the end of the movie approaches, the Soviet regime of communism is mocked at as the Russians in the movie start supporting Rocky and condemning Drago, with chants of Rocky! Rocky! Rocky! Rocky!† This symbolizes the conversion of the Soviet into a capitalist nation sooner or later. It establishes the superior authority of the American idea of individualism and capitalism as opposed to Soviet Communism. The continuous chant of â€Å"rocky† establishes America as the only superpower that would exist in the world after the fall of the Soviet regime. It’s a celebration of the American nation. Rocky’s final speech is pro America and holds great appeal to pacifists and supporters of the Cold War. In his final words he appeals to the Russians to bring change. He says If I can change, and you can change, everybody can change. In turn echoing the thoughts of all Americans, that of putting an end to the Cold War. He declares that it is finally time to change. This change would establish America as the only superpower. With the fall of the Soviet some years later Rocky’s final words echo in the minds of the American people. This movie is the last of the great Rocky movies that is worth a mention. The fifth and sixth movies are no match in quality and content to the first three. Rocky IV stacked a great deal of money and popularity and has heavily contributed to the one billion dollars that the six movies have made. Rocky IV has a perfect alchemy of drama, action, and patriotism which makes it a fulfilling watch. It is very interesting how the contrast between the two Superpowers is shown in the characterization of the two main actors. The movie inspires nationalistic feelings among the American citizens and glorifies the ideology of the nation to the best effect. It is one of the few films that portray the Cold War scenario so appropriately in terms of metaphorical depiction.

Welfare to Work: A New Response to Poverty Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Professor's Comments: This student has done an outstanding job of fulfilling the requirements of the assignment in his analysis of the Welfare to Work Program. Abstract: This study defines poverty, explains its causes and consequences on various systems, and traces our governmental response to this problem from the New Deal efforts to the present system of welfare. Drawing from recent literature to examine specifically the efficacy of TANF’s welfare to work (WtW) initiative, this writer focuses on the following: (1) on the target population, single mothers and children, and (2) on how this initiative is affecting both this group and the overall problem of poverty. Also included are a discussion of the historical and contemporary issues regarding this initiative as well as implications for social work policy and practice. Â   Â   Welfare to Work under TANF: A New Generation of Responses to Poverty Existing in all cultures and affecting people from many walks of life, especially single mothers and children, poverty does not discriminate. What is poverty, then? Is it simply a condition, or does it create conditions that reach far beyond a simple social issue? In order to understand these questions, one must begin with basic definitions. Poverty is technically broken into two categories – absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty exists when a family cannot provide for its basic needs – which include nutrition, clothing, and shelter. A measurement for this category is the poverty line, a calculation that is based on three times the amount of a family’s normal food budget. On the other hand, relative poverty measures economic status and compares it between families within the same geographical locus (Ka... ...y Longman, Inc. Egendorf, L. K. (1999). Poverty: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Evaluating Welfare Reform (1999, June 1). Retrieved from http://speakout.com. Karger, H. J. & Stoesz, D. (1998). American social welfare policy: A pluralist approach (3rd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reichert, D. (1998, July). TANF appropriations in state legislatures. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/statefed/welfare/moememo.htm. Segal, E. & Brzuzy, S. (1998). Social welfare policy, programs, and practice. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peackock Publishers, Inc. Trattner, W. (1999). From poor law to welfare state: A history of social welfare in America (6th ed.). New York: The Free Press. Vallianatos, C. (2001, October). Child support, cohabitating families studied. NASW News, 46(9), 12.

Family Counseling Essay

A family counseling approach is a counseling theory that includes a combination of a variety of techniques, interventions, and tenets are used to address the needs of family members. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy developed by Sigmond Freud. He was the first therapist to explore talk therapy as a viable means for treating psychological disorders. Psychotherapy serves as an umbrella concept for psychotherapeutic treatments. The family counseling approach is based upon psychoanalytic philosophies, interventions, and techniques. Classical psychoanalytic techniques and interventions are discussed and explained. Counseling from a Christian perspective assists the counselor with focusing on one’s own performance based upon self-awareness and self-tests. A Christian worldview within family counseling affects the counselor and the client. While working with a client, the counselor can focus on the proper application of the American Counseling Association, ACA, and the American Association of Christian Counselors, AACC, Codes of Ethics. Integrating the Codes of Ethics into daily practice helps the counselor to develop one’s sense of self along with their biases, limitations, and strengths. Biblical values allow the Christian family therapist the opportunity to show clients ways Christ can guide their life. Part I: Research Psychoanalysis forged its’ way into modern day therapies by founder Sigmund Freud. â€Å"Psychoanalysis is based upon the idea that humans are motivated by conflicts between unconscious and conscious forces (Murdock, 2009, p. 63). Freud was the first to â€Å"explore the talk therapy approach as treatment for psychological dysfunction† (Murdock, 2011, p. 0). The Freudian schema explains the contrasts as â€Å"an unconscious and a preconscious, an ego, and an id, reality and fantasy, transference and a real relationship, a pleasure principle and a real relationship, neurosis and relative normality† (Friedman, 2002, p. 2). Research starting in the 1970s provides support for the â€Å"basic tenet that unconscious association networks, (thoughts, wishes, beliefs, fantasies), and unconscious procedures, (motives, defenses, character), control behavior outside awareness† (Gilhooley, 2008, p. 93). It is important to realize there has been change in psychoanalysis throughout the years. According to Giannoni (2003), â€Å"we should be prepared to accept the fact that psychoanalysis has changed as well, in tune with the historical-cultural changes . . . † (Giannoni, 2003, p. 645). Clients can benefit from the processes of psychoanalysis while conducting talk therapy, free association, and dream analysis as directly related to current and early relationships. A treatment plan is developed in order to address signs and symptoms of depression, anxiety, or other psychological disorders that may arise in family therapy. Family therapy began to flourish in the 1960s. . . † (Slipp, 1982). The results of this type of therapy are multiple techniques and interventions are supported by the psychoanalytic theory. These will provide support and treatment of presenting concerns of psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Goals The role of psychotherapy is to â€Å"serve as an umbrella concept for psychotherapeutic treatments that operate on an interpretive-supportive (or expressive-supportive) continuum† (Leichsenring, Hiller, Weissberg & Leibing, 2006). The central constructs of the psychoanalytic theory are the structural model, including the id, ego, and superego along with symptoms as symbols, and defense mechanisms. The primary goals of psychoanalysis include â€Å"symptom relief, increased self-awareness, and a more objective capacity for self-observation† (Fine, 2003, p. 789). From a psychoanalytic point of view, the goal for counseling is insight into the causes of any presenting problems with one or all the members of a family. Another goal includes a decrease in the symptoms one or all the members of the family may be experiencing. Lastly, the client/clients will understand the sources of the presenting problem or problems (Murdock. 2009). Interventions There are three primary interventions easily used in family therapy. The first intervention is free association. According to Freud there is one essential rule all clients must abide by. The rule states the â€Å"clients are asked to minimize conscious control and tell everything that comes to their minds, with the exception that more and more significant unconscious material will emerge† (Jones & Butman, 1991, p. 74). The second intervention is analysis of the resistance. Murdock (2009) defines this type of intervention as a necessary awareness of the types of resistance a client may present. There are two types of resistance. These types are common resistance such as forgetting an appointment. The second type of resistance is â€Å"flight into health† (Murdock, 2009, p. 53). This resistance occurs when the client mistakenly believes one is getting better with their illness. The third intervention is dream analysis. When the therapist conducts dream analysis one can follow the guidelines set forth in Freud’s A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1920). In addition, there are multiple textbooks available to assist with dream analysis. More recent books allow the therapist to provide the client an interpretation in more modern terms. The primary object in the dream is the symbol. Each symbol has an interpretation usually based upon sex. Establishing the Relationship Therapists are required by the American Association of Christian Counselors Code of Ethics to maintain confidentiality regarding sessions. The client and therapist must be willing to trust each other on a professional level in order for the therapy to be successful. As a therapist one must be willing to share a certain degree of disclosure with the client. â€Å"Disclosure has become a complex and important consideration in the psychotherapeutic process† (Levine, 2011, p. 111). Disclosure may help to enhance trust between the client and therapist and alleviate any trust concerns the client may have. Analysis of Transference During transference the client/clients seeks support and approval from the therapist. Therapist should also explain to the client/clients that the therapists are human beings with feelings too. Often times an unconscious conflict arises. This conflict may be a result of a strained relationship and lack of support stemming from one’s childhood. By the termination stage the client/clients should be able to rationalize one’s feelings. I will continue to encourage self-awareness of transference occurrences to Elizabeth and address them throughout the course of therapy. Insight Throughout the course of psychotherapy the client/clients should be able to understand that much of the sources of stress relate back to relationships in one’s childhood. As the client/clients’ therapist, one encourages the client/clients to actively participate in free association at each session so the therapist can determine if any new conflicts have risen at the unconscious level. At each session the client/clients are encouraged to openly express one’s thoughts and feelings. The client/clients are instructed to delve deep into one’s unconscious mind at times and to explore any thoughts and feelings one has been experiencing despite the subject matter. The therapist must be cautious not to conduct suggestive interpretations of the instances of transference, free association, or dream analysis. Munoz (2008) investigated suggestive interventions and discovered that â€Å"some suggestive influence will remain, and it may either facilitate the analysis by enhancing the patient’s identification with the analyst’s analyzing functions, or be used to recreate conflicted relations, leading to impasse if not addressed† (Munoz, 2008, p. 263). The client/clients are required to keep a dream journal and to bring it to each session. As part of the therapy process, the therapist can use Freud’s A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1920) to interpret elements of the client/client’s dreams. Often times dreams are an element equivalent to Freud’s dream symbol interpretations involving sex of some form. With the successful growth of insight into one’s life and willingness to participate in talk therapy, clients settle into therapy and all of its components. Free association becomes much easier for one and flows more smoothly. Clients may be able to understand the inner conflicts from one’s childhood manifesting themselves into one’s current attempts at viable relationships. Clients may realize one’s needs to look for honesty and integrity relationships without comparing outcomes of previous relationships with the potential outcomes of future not yet established relationships. Using psychoanalysis with clients may present one with the information needed to help recognize when the unconscious mind is flowing over into one’s everyday life. Clients may desire to help with conflicts among other family members. Many clients lack support and communication from other family members. Clients will be able to recognize one must confront other family members, either together or separately about one’s feelings. Clients grow stronger in one’s ability to articulate one’s feelings appropriately without an immediate outburst of anger. During talk therapy clients practice talking to another family member in preparation of confronting them. Outcome research supports the efficacy of psychoanalysis. A Temple study verified that â€Å"psychoanalytic psychotherapy (weekly sessions for three months) was as effective as Behavioral Therapy, and that both were more effective than no treatment† (Murdock, 2009, p. 8). Furthermore, â€Å"to dismiss psychoanalysis as irrelevant to the real problems of life is to fail to see its potential significance for the church and society† (Jones & Butman, 1991, p. 65). With the proven efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, clients will be competent in interpreting one’s thoughts and feelings, unconscious and conscious. Although there is proven efficacy to psychoanalysis, pieces of other therapies or approaches may be used to supplement the interventions of psychoanalysis. The old adage â€Å"what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger† influences the development of man. Positive reinforcers help a client to strengthen one’s ability to focus on accurate processing of automatic thoughts (Positive reinforcers, 1992). Client furthers oneself by applying new learned behaviors appropriately in one’s life. In order to obtain and utilize new learned behaviors, therapists should encourage clients to â€Å"give it to God†. Often times this task seems impossible to complete. For example, if a client presents with major depressive disorder and panic attacks the therapist is responsible for providing techniques to decrease presenting problems in sessions. Providing a client the opportunity and information on how to release one’s burdens into God’s hands promotes health and happiness in both the spiritual realm as well as the physical and mental realms. The client needs to be willing to tell one’s story and process automatic thoughts as another way of promoting health. Part II: Integration Consilient psychoanalysis is used to integrate the fundamental knowledge of multiple disciplines (Valone, 2005). Consilience is obtained by integrating empirical research findings from other disciplines. This concept is a viable technique for integration of one’s faith and family therapy. A key to family therapy is to build hope within the relationships Worthington, 2005). Hope-focused counseling â€Å"involves a blueprint for marital counseling that describes your goal (produce stronger marriages), focus (promote hope), strategy, potential target areas, and interventions† (Worthington, 2005, p. 18). Family therapy is a needed service for all populations. The need of this service encompasses the lifespan. Men and women of all ages benefit from family therapy. Counseling provides a client an interpretation of assessments and inventories, both hard copies and on the computer. Interpretations give the client a better understanding of one’s personal values, interests, abilities, and experiences. Family therapy has advanced significantly since its humble beginnings in late 1800s. Advances in technology, including lightening fast computers and a multitude of inventories and assessments, led to all populations having access to therapy. Disclosure of issues and concerns within sessions opens the door for a Christian counselor the opportunity to share the love of Christ with a struggling soul. Psychoanalysis is typically viewed as an atheistic philosophy. Freud based much of this therapy on having a client speak from the unconscious. In addition, he tied sex to most of his interpretations. As a Christian counselor I may view most if the interventions presented by classic psychotherapy as helpful. However, the symbolism from dream analysis as related to sexual organs or desires would seldom be used. There are three methods for integrating psychology and the Christian faith. Pragmatic eclecticism, metatheoretical or transtheoretical eclecticism, and theoretical integration are the three methods. Pragmatic eclecticism uses â€Å"the methods that comparative outcome research has shown to work best with the problems manifested by the clients† (Jones & Butman, 1991, p. 384). â€Å"Metatheoretical or transtheoretical eclecticism suggests that proponents of psychotherapy may simply be wrong about how ‘what they do’ works . . . † (Jones & Butman, 1991, p. 390). The final method of integration is theoretical integration. This method â€Å"attempts to overcome the limitations of a single preferred theory by using it as one’s foundation or ‘home base’ while reaching out beyond that theory to one or two other models† (Jones & Butman, 1991, p. 93). Clients can recognize one’s own potential for having a satisfying relationship with Christ as the center of one’s focus on hope. . There is a long established struggle between Christians and people coming from a worldview of science that goes back hundreds of years. As Christian counselors we must integrate theology and psychology. Viewing my future as a Christian counselor, I see myself asking clients permission to pray with them prior to each session. I feel homework assignments can be used effectively with some clients. Along with integration, therapists posses several presuppositions from a Biblical foundation. Use of Scripture in therapy bridges the gap between psychoanalysis and Christianity. The Christian mind sees things differently because of these presuppositions. The presuppositions relevant to integration of Christianity and psychoanalysis are: 1. â€Å"God is central to all truth. 2. Jesus Christ is the truth (John 14:6) to which all Biblical truths are connected 3. God supernaturally intervenes in human history. 4. Human beings were created in the image of God Human beings chose to rebel against God. 5. Human beings are involved in a constant struggle between good and evil. 6.  The knowledge of God provides purpose and meaning for life† (Blamires, 1963). The aforementioned presuppositions are a tool to use with clients who may not be used to using scriptural references as a method of finding peace and comfort in a trouble life. I appreciate and admire most of Freud’s processes of psychoanalysis. The methodology provides the therapist a solution to presenting problems within the family unit. However, I cannot fully vest all of a family counseling approach purely to psychoanalysis. Integration and introducing me foremost as a Christian counselor will hopefully lead to providing clients much needed therapy.

Free Essays on Analyis Of Farewell To Arms

Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms Fredrick Henry’s lust eventually turns to love for Catherine Barkley. Fredrick Henry is an American who is studying architecture in Rome when WWI starts. He joins the Italian army and becomes an officer in charge of overseeing the ambulances in a small town a few miles from the front. He likes to drink rather heavily with the other officers and goes with them to the local bordello. Him and his friend Rinaldi often talk about girls and the women of the bordello. â€Å"Here now we have beautiful girls. New girls never been to the front before† (11). Henry is happy with his flings and does not think much about them except that they are fun. Rinaldi meets two new women, two English nurses at the hospital and have just arrived to the town. Rinaldi takes Henry to meet the two nurses. Henry then meets Catherine Barkley and at first is only interested in her physically like he is with the other girls. When he goes the next couple of afternoons to see her he acts like he is playing a game. One visit he tries to kiss her and gets slapped for it but this only worked to his advantage. â€Å"I was angry and yet certain, seeing it all ahead like the moves in a chess game† (26). He plays it off and is able to finally get a kiss from her.... Free Essays on Analyis Of Farewell To Arms Free Essays on Analyis Of Farewell To Arms Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms Fredrick Henry’s lust eventually turns to love for Catherine Barkley. Fredrick Henry is an American who is studying architecture in Rome when WWI starts. He joins the Italian army and becomes an officer in charge of overseeing the ambulances in a small town a few miles from the front. He likes to drink rather heavily with the other officers and goes with them to the local bordello. Him and his friend Rinaldi often talk about girls and the women of the bordello. â€Å"Here now we have beautiful girls. New girls never been to the front before† (11). Henry is happy with his flings and does not think much about them except that they are fun. Rinaldi meets two new women, two English nurses at the hospital and have just arrived to the town. Rinaldi takes Henry to meet the two nurses. Henry then meets Catherine Barkley and at first is only interested in her physically like he is with the other girls. When he goes the next couple of afternoons to see her he acts like he is playing a game. One visit he tries to kiss her and gets slapped for it but this only worked to his advantage. â€Å"I was angry and yet certain, seeing it all ahead like the moves in a chess game† (26). He plays it off and is able to finally get a kiss from her....

The 20 Poetic Devices You Must Know

The 20 Poetic Devices You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Looking to spice up your writing? Poetic devices are the salt and pepper (and, if you get really into them, the saffron and caraway) of writing; when deployed effectively, they add flavor and texture to your work. But what is a poetic device? Do they only work in poetry? In this article, we’ll cover what they are, when you can use them, and how to better understand their function in any literary form! What Is a Poetic Device? At its most basic, a poetic device is a deliberate use of words, phrases, sounds, and even shapes to convey meaning. That sounds so broad that it could basically encompass any form of written expression, but poetic devices are generally used to heighten the literal meaning of words by considering sound, form, and function. There are a lot of poetic devices, just as there are a lot of literary and rhetorical devices. Anything that impacts the way a poem or other written work looks or sounds is a type of poetic device, including devices that are also classified as literary or rhetorical devices. Consider your writing- whether it’s an essay, poem, or non-fiction article- as a meal you’re cooking. You use good ingredients and put a lot of care into the dish, so you know it’s going to taste good. But there are ways to make it taste even better, little additions that can bring out the taste of each ingredient to make it even tastier- a pinch of salt, a touch of cumin. That’s what poetic devices do. Like the metaphor I used in the last paragraph, poetic devices infuse literal meanings (what words actually say) with figurative meanings (implications, unexpected connotations, and so on). You might have gotten the point that poetic devices improve writing without me comparing them to spices, but that metaphor added flavor and enhanced the meaning that was already there. But metaphors are only one method of enhancing your writing. A poem about a horse may use a hoofbeat rhythm (otherwise known as an anapest or dactyl, depending on which syllable is stressed- da-da-DUH for the former and DUH-da-da for the latter) to really draw the reader in. The reader doesn’t have to notice the hoofbeat rhythm for it to be effective, either; often, a rhythm helps readers remember what they’ve read without them necessarily realizing it. One important thing to remember is that literary devices, like spices, are great in moderation, but overpowering if overused. Nobody wants to eat a bowl of pepper, just like nobody wants to read something if its meaning is totally obscured by flowery language. You don’t have to hold back entirely- many wonderful poets, essayists, and authors can use flowery language to great effect- but do make sure that your poetic devices are enhancing rather than overshadowing your point. Writers commonly use literary devices in poetry to help make their points memorable or their language more evocative. You’ve likely used poetic devices without thinking about it, but deliberate use can make your writing even stronger! A little skillful use of spices and poetic devices goes a long way. 20 Top Poetic Devices to Remember There are tons of poetic devices out there- it would be nearly impossible to list all of them. But to get you started, we've compiled some of the most common poetry terms, along with a few of the more interesting ones! Allegory An allegory is a story, poem, or other written work that can be interpreted to have a secondary meaning. Aesop’s Fables are examples of allegories, as they are ostensibly about one thing (such as â€Å"The Ant and the Grasshopper†) but actually have a secondary meaning. Fables are particularly literal examples of allegories, but there are many others, as well, such as George Orwell’s Animal Farm or Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Fruit.† Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of a sound or letter at the beginning of multiple words in a series. â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ -Edgar Allen Poe, â€Å"The Raven† Poe uses alliteration with the â€Å"wh,† sound at the beginning of multiple words. The repetition here mimics the sound of the wind (something you might hear on a dreary night), and also sounds a little soothing- something that’s interrupted in the next couple of lines by a different sound, just as Poe interrupts his soothing, round vowel sounds with repetition of the ‘p’ sound in â€Å"suddenly there came a tapping, / As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door†¦.† Allusion An allusion is an indirect reference to something. â€Å"The Cunninghams are country folks, farmers, and the crash hit them hardest.† - Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird Lee isn’t speaking of a literal crash- she’s referencing the stock market crash of the late 1920s, which left many people without money. Scout, To Kill a Mockingbird’s narrator, references the stock market crash in a way that’s appropriate for her context, which readers can gather from the novel’s setting. Using this allusion allows Lee to do some quick scene-setting. Not only does it establish the novel firmly within its setting, but it also shows that Scout herself is a clear part of that setting- she speaks to the audience in the way that a child of that era would speak, giving the story a greater sense of realism. Apostrophe An apostrophe is a poetic device where the writer addresses a person or thing that isn’t present with an exclamation. â€Å"O stranger of the future!O inconceivable being!whatever the shape of your house,no matter how strange and colorless the clothes youmay wear,I bet nobody there likes a wet dog either.I bet everybody in your pubeven the children, pushes her away.†- Billy Collins, â€Å"To A Stranger Born In Some Distant Country Hundreds Of Years From Now† Though we know from the title that Collins is addressing a stranger from the future, in the final stanza of the poem he addresses that stranger directly. Apostrophe was particularly common in older forms of poetry, going all the way back to Ancient Greece- many works of Greek literature begin with an invocation of the Muses, typically by saying something like, â€Å"Sing in me, O Muse.† Because the narrator of Collins’ poem is calling out to someone in the future, he mimics the language of the past and situates this poem in a larger context. Assonance Assonance is the repetition of vowel or diphthong sounds in one or more words found close together. â€Å" Hear the loud alarum bells- Brazen bells!/ What tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells! In the startled ear of night How they scream out their affright! Too much horrified to speak, They can only shriek, shriek, Out of tune†¦.†- Edgar Allen Poe, â€Å"The Bells† When Poe talks about alarm bells, he uses sharp, high-pitch vowels to echo their sound: notice the repetition of long â€Å"e† and â€Å"i† sounds, both of which sound a bit like screams. Blank Verse Blank verse refers to poetry written without rhyme, especially if that poetry is written in iambic pentameter. â€Å"But, woe is me, you are so sick of late,So far from cheer and from your former state,That I distrust you. Yet, though I distrust,Discomfort you, my lord, it nothing must. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ - William Shakespeare, â€Å"Hamlet† Many of Shakespeare’s plays are written in blank verse, including much of â€Å"Hamlet.† Here, the dialog is without rhymes, which makes it sound more realistic, but it still follows a strict meter- iambic pentameter. This lends it a sense of grandiosity beyond if Shakespeare had tried to mimic natural speech, and the deliberate space of stressed and unstressed syllables gives it a satisfying sense of rhythm. Consonance Consonance is the repetition of specific consonant sounds in close proximity. â€Å"Tyger Tyger, burning bright,In the forests of the night; What immortal hand or eye,Could frame thy fearful symmetry?† - William Blake, â€Å"The Tyger† Black repeatedly uses multiple sounds in the first stanza of this famous poem. One of the most prominent is ‘r,’ which shows up in every line of the first stanza, and almost every line of the poem as a whole. As Blake is writing about the tiger, he’s musing on its fearsome nature and where it comes from, with the repeated ‘r’ sound mimicking the tiger’s growl like a small, subtle threat in the poem’s background. Enjambment An enjambment is the continuation of a sentence beyond a line break, couplet, or stanza without an expected pause. â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.Or does it explode?† - Langston Hughes, â€Å"Harlem† Hughes plays with multiple methods of ending lines in this poem, including enjambment. The first two lines of the second stanza and the second-to-last stanza are examples of enjambment, as the thought continues from one line to the next without any punctuation. Notice the way these lines feel in comparison to the others, especially the second example, isolated in its own stanza. The way it’s written mimics the exhaustion of carrying a heavy load, as you can’t pause for breath the way that you do with the lines ended with punctuation. Irony Irony has a few different meanings. The most common isthe use of tone or exaggeration to convey a meaning opposite to what's being literally said. A second form of irony is situational irony, in which a situationor event contradicts expectations, usually in a humorous fashion. A third form is dramatic irony, where the audience of a play, movie, or other piece of art is aware of something that the characters are not. Basic irony, where what someone says doesn't match what they mean, might look something like this: "Yeah, Ilove dogs," she said dryly, holding the miniature poodle at arm's length as hives sprang up along her arms. Situational irony would include things like a police station getting robbed or a marriage counselor getting a divorce- we would expect police to be able to resist getting robbed and a marriage counselor to be able to save their own marriage, so the fact that these unexpected things occur is darkly funny. One of the most famous examples of dramatic irony is inRomeo and Juliet. The audience knows that Juliet isn't dead when Romeo comes to find her in the tomb, but obviously can't stop Romeo from killing himself to be with her. Unlike other forms of irony, dramatic irony often isn't funny- it heightens tension and increases audience investment, but doesn't necessarily have to make people laugh. Metaphor A metaphor is when a writer compares one thing to another. â€Å"An emotional rollercoaster† is a common example of a metaphor- so common, in fact, that it’s become cliche. Experiencing multiple emotions in a short period of time can feel a lot like riding a roller coaster, as you have a series of extreme highs and lows. Meter Meter refers to the rhythm of a poem or other written work as it’s expressed through the number and length of the feet in each line. â€Å"But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with grief†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare famously wrote frequently in iambic pentameter, a specific type of meter containing five iambic feet. Iambs are a foot- a unit of rhythm- consisting of one unstressed and one stressed syllable. In the first line of this passage, you have five iambs, which produces a sort of heartbeat-esque rhythm. â€Å"But soft / what light / through yon- / -der win- / -dow breaks?† Meter like this gives readers expectations about how each line will go, which can be very useful if you want to subvert them, such as how Shakespeare does in Hamlet: â€Å"To be / or not / to be / that is / the ques- / -ion.† Because we expect iambic pentameter, the rule-breaking here clues us in that something isn’t right with Hamlet. Ode An ode is a short lyrical poem, often in praise of something. â€Å"Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:What leaf-fring'd legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? What men or gods are these? What maidens loth?What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?†- John Keats, â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† Keats’ â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† covers all the required bases of the ode- it’s short at just five stanzas, it’s lyrical (the language is clearly elevated above regular speech), and it’s written in praise of a scene on an imagined Grecian urn, which preserves the beauty of several scenes for eternity. Though Keats’ ode here may be in earnest, the deliberate use of language far outside our normal method of speaking often makes the form ripe for satire. In this case, Keats is using this language to discuss beauty and truth, two rather lofty themes that work in tandem with the lofty language. Pun A pun is a play on words, using multiple meanings or similar sounds to make a joke. "Mine is a long and a sad tale!" said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. "It is a long tail, certainly," said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse's tail; "but why do you call it sad?" And she kept on puzzling about it while the Mouse was speaking...." - Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Here, Alice clearly misunderstands what the mouse is saying- he says ‘tale,’ referring to his long and sad story, and she hears ‘tail,’ referring to his literal tail. The result is a misunderstanding between the two that ends with Alice looking rude and uncaring. Though it makes Alice look bad, it’s quite entertaining for the reader. The world of Wonderland is full of strangeness, so it’s not really a surprise that Alice wouldn’t understand what’s happening. However, in this case it’s a legitimate misunderstanding, heightening the comedy as Alice’s worldview is once again shaken. Repetition Repetition is fairly self-explanatory- it’s the process of repeating certain words or phrases. â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day;Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words had forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that good night.Good men, the last wave by, crying how brightTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,Do not go gentle into that good night.†- Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† Throughout this poem, Thomas repeats the lines, â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night,† and â€Å"Rage, rage against the dying of the light.† The two lines don’t appear together until the final couplet of the poem, cementing their importance in relation to one another. But before that, the repetition of each line clues you in to their importance. No matter what else is said, the repetition tells you that it all comes back to those two lines. Rhetorical Question A rhetorical question is a question asked to make a point rather than in expectation of an answer. â€Å"Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?† - Sojourner Truth, â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman?† Sojourner Truth’s question to the Women’s Convention of 1981 in Akron, Ohio isn’t a question that needs an answer. Of course she’s a woman- she, as well as everybody else in the audience, knew that perfectly well. However, Sojourner Truth was a black woman in the time of slavery. Many white women wouldn’t have considered her to be part of the women’s rights movement despite her gender. By asking the question, Sojourner Truth is raising the point that she is a woman, and therefore should be part of the conversation about women’s rights. â€Å"Ain’t I a woman?† isn’t a question of gender, but a question of race- if it’s a conference about women’s rights, why weren’t black women included? By asking a question about an undeniable truth, Sojourner Truth was in fact pointing out the hypocrisy of the conference. Rhyme A rhyme is a repetition of syllables at the end of words, often at the end of a line of poetry, but there are many unique kinds of rhymes. â€Å"It was many and many a year ago, In a kingdom by the sea,That a maiden there lived whom you may know By the name of Annabel Lee;And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me.†- Edgar Allen Poe, â€Å"Annabel Lee† Poe’s poem starts off with a fairly typical ABAB rhyme scheme- the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. However, in line five, we get a jarring line that does not rhyme, which is carried through the rest of the poem. The rhyming sounds hearken back to classic songs and stories, but is undone by something that doesn’t sound right, just as the classic love story of the narrator and Annabel Lee is undone by tragedy. Rhythm Rhythm refers to the pattern of long, short, stressed, and unstressed syllables in writing. â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble;Fire burn and caldron bubble.Fillet of a fenny snake,In the caldron boil and bake†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - William Shakespeare, Macbeth In this scene from Macbeth, the witches are positioned as being strange and unnatural, and the rhyme scheme Shakespeare uses is also unnatural. It lends the passage a sing-song quality that isn’t present in other parts of the play, which is easy to get stuck in your head. This is important, because their prophecies also get stuck in Macbeth’s head, leading him to commit his horrible crimes. Sonnet A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a strict rhyme scheme, often written in iambic pentameter. â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sightFor the ends of being and ideal grace.I love thee to the level of every day’sMost quiet need, by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for right;I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.I love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.†- Elizabeth Barrett Browning, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee† Sonnets were a standard poetry format for a long time- Shakespeare famously wrote sonnets, as did poets like Browning. As with blank verse, sonnets are often written in iambic pentameter, which gives the writing a sense of realism, as it’s not quite as affected as other rhythms, but also makes it feel purposeful and different from natural speech. Because sonnets have a rhyme scheme, they feel removed again from realistic speech. But that works in form’s favor- the rigid structure encourages unconventional word use (hence the memorability of â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.†) and marks poems in this style as having a kind of heightened reality. Because blank and free verse arose later, writing sonnets in modern times gives poems a classic or even intentionally antiquated feeling, which can work in the poet’s favor. You probably don't need to light a candle and bust out your magnifying glass to understand poetic devices, but nothing's stopping you! How to Identify and Analyze Poetic Devices It’s nearly impossible to remember every poetic device, but teaching yourself to identify and analyze them is a great way to increase your vocabulary and writing ability. To learn more about them, you can: Read More Reading widely in a variety of literary forms- poetry, prose, essays, non-fiction, and so on- is one of the best ways to learn more poetic devices. You may not notice them all, but challenge yourself to find one example of a poetic device every time you read. Remember, there are lots of kinds of poetic devices; they don’t always have to be things you’d only find in poetry. The more you read, the more exposed you are to different kinds of writing styles. If you read widely, you’ll see more people using language creatively- when you see something interesting, make note of it and see if it’s a poetic device you can use in your own writing! Use Them In Your Own Writing Identifying them is great, but to really understand poetic devices, try using them. Not every device is right for every situation, but playing a little with your language can reveal to you exactly how these devices work. Challenge yourself to use new devices to get a better appreciation for how they can elevate your writing. Question Poetic Devices When you come upon a poetic device in something you’re reading, ask yourself what the author is doing with it. What purpose does alliteration serve in a specific context? Why did I choose to use that spices metaphor earlier in this article? Was it effective or confusing? The more you think about these devices, the more you’ll get a feel for how they work and why writers use them. Understanding the different ways they can be used will help you discover how to use them better, so don’t be afraid to start questioning how and why professionals do it! Key Tips for Literary Devices in Poetry Enhancing your writing with poetic devices is great, but there are a few things to keep in mind to be sure you’re doing it right. First, don’t overuse them. Poetic devices can be great for making your writing sound more interesting or to deliver information in a more impactful manner, but too much really stands out. Alliteration is great, but an alliterative sonnet that’s an allusion to Greek literature can feel a little gimmicky. Even too much alliteration can quickly feel hackneyed if it’s not done with a purpose. Ask yourself why you’re using these devices and trim them if you can’t think of a reason- restraint is as much a part of good writing as the skillful use of a poetic device. Don’t forget that poetic devices are good for more than just poetry. A well-written essay can use a great metaphor. A sonnet can be written in plain English for a great effect. An article for your school newspaper might be improved with a little alliteration. Feel free to experiment with how and when these devices are used- adding in an unexpected poetic device is a great way to elevate your writing. What’s Next? Poetic devices are just one of the many kinds of tools you can use to enhance your writing. Check out this list of rhetorical devices for even more things you can doto liven up your work! Want even more poetic devices? Check out this article on personification, which covers examples of this device in both poetry and literature! Dylan Thomas' "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night," is a great example of repetition, but there's a lot more to it than that! This article will give you some in-depth information on the meaning of Dylan Thomas' poem, including how to analyze it!

Central Bank for GCC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Central Bank for GCC - Research Paper Example International financial crisis in the recent years calls for monetary integration and regional cooperation of the countries for efficiently dealing with the crises and protecting the interests of the member countries. The monetary policies of a central bank plays pivotal role in regulating interest rates and inflation in the countries with a view to ensure economic growth. The monetary policies of a central bank have impact on various economic factors such as employment, liquidity in the system and stability of the currencies. Central bank proposed for the GCC countries aims at financial stability in the GCC countries with a view to reorient the strategies of the group countries in response to the dynamic international economic situation and to promote economic cooperation among the group countries. Therefore, the structure of the central bank should be designed to achieve these objectives in relation to the group countries. ... Under the monetary policies of GCC central bank, stability in exchange rate could be achieved. The member countries of GCC peg their currencies to USD and their interest rates are fixed based on the changes interest rates in US. Adjustments in interest rates in sync with US policy might have negative impacts on domestic economies of the GCC countries. Currency unification is expected to delink pegging of GCC currencies to USD. The member countries are not yet prepared for monetary union. There are differences in economic fundamentals among the countries. Trading and transactions within the region is very limited, and the countries are mostly dependent on oil exports. Lack of efforts towards economic integration and institutional development are the important drawbacks. The differences in the economic policies followed by the GCC countries would make the unification process difficult. Three different methods used to test the GCC economies by Abu-Bader and Abu-Qarn (2006), the Structur al VAR, co-integration tests and common business cycles provide no support for establishing a monetary union (AlKholifey & Alreshan, p. 19). They also observed ‘that neither AD nor AS shocks are symmetrical between the GCC countries and the selected European countries’ (p. 20) while AD refers to Aggregate Demand and AS, Aggregate Supply. Structure of the suggested Central Bank for GCC Monetary union in GCC can stimulate uniformity in macroeconomic policies within the union and inter alia improve investment options and allocation of resources within the region. Fundamental factor involved in establishing central bank or monetary union is convergence of monetary, fiscal and structural policies of the member countries. According to Sturm and Siegfried (2005, p. 63), ‘monetary union

Entrepreneurship & Innovation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Entrepreneurship & Innovation - Dissertation Example As of 2010, more than half a billion people have embarked on new entrepreneurial ventures. One of these extraordinary entrepreneurs is Arthur Lok Jack. Arthur Lok Jack is an entrepreneur who possesses the following characteristics: risk-taker; innovative; has foresight and vision; resourceful; persistent; ambitious, intelligent and knowledgeable; hard-working; realistic; adaptable; business savvy; and practices networking. Risk-taking Risk-taking among entrepreneurs involves taking calculated actions designed to control and minimize the risks involved, at the same time ensuring that goals are achieved. This behaviour sets entrepreneurs apart from gamblers who depend on chance and from individuals who prefer to â€Å"play it safe† (Joseph 2003). Risk-taking behaviour is viewed as beneficial, as revealed in the positive association between risk and output wherein a higher level of risk increases the likelihood of getting impressive results (Analoui & Karami 2003). Penrose (1959) asserted that entrepreneurship involves determining opportunities within the economic system, including those which entail a high amount of risk. Rauch and Frese (2007) attributed risk-taking behaviour on the entrepreneur’s propensity to make decisions on situations which show low likelihood of success. This behaviour makes entrepreneurs stand out compared to risk-averse individuals. However, risk-taking may have different interpretations. For example, ordinary consumers might view such behaviour as reckless. On the other hand, business owners consider risk-taking as a move to minimize risk when making business decisions. Innovativeness Entrepreneurs constantly strive to find ways to develop and introduce new and unique products and services. Innovation may come in five forms: (1) introduction of a new product or improvement in the quality of existing ones; (2) new methods of production; (3) opening of new market; (4) new source of supply or raw materials or half-manufacture d goods; and (5) new industrial organization (Joseph 2003). Schumpeter (1935) envisioned an entrepreneur as an economic agent capable of creating novel combinations of production factors in response to investment opportunities. An entrepreneur is viewed as an indispensable element of the capitalist economy who embodies the principles of capitalist change, as well as industrial and technological change. There is mounting evidence that entrepreneurial innovativeness is significantly correlated to success. This applies to innovation on a personal and organizational level. Organizational level of innovation reflects how innovative an entrepreneur is. The relationship between innovation and success can be predominantly observed on new technology organizations compared to traditional industries (Rauch & Frese 2007). Rutherford and Holt’s (2007) investigation on the link between individual and corporate-level innovativeness pointed out two important facts. First, innovativeness is b ased on a personal willingness to develop and introduce improvements and innovations in work process. Second, individual focus on innovativeness is suggested since entrepreneurial activities are created and implemented by individuals. Foresight and vision Entrepreneurs are visionaries, able to foresee where the company should be in the future. Gillespie-Brown (2008) describes how an entrepreneur envisions the: (1) future of existing products and services; (2) reinvention of the business; and (3) generation of opportunities in present markets. Bellini (2005) defined foresight